Magnetostrictive electrical stimulation leads

ABSTRACT

A medical device lead is presented. The medical device lead includes a lead body, an electrode shaft, and a tip electrode. A magnetostrictive element is coupled to the electrode shaft. The magnetostrictive element comprises either terfenol-D and/or galfenol or any material with sufficient magnetostrictive properties. The magnetostrictive element expands when exposed to magnetic resonance imaging.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present invention is related to another application entitledMAGNETOSTRICTIVE ELECTRICAL STIMULATION LEADS, U.S. application Ser. No.11/741,612, filed Apr. 27, 2007.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to medical devices and, more particularly, toimplantable medical device leads for use with implantable medicaldevices (IMDs).

BACKGROUND

In the medical field, implantable leads are used with a wide variety ofmedical devices. For example, implantable leads are commonly used toform part of implantable cardiac pacemakers that provide therapeuticstimulation to the heart by delivering pacing, cardioversion ordefibrillation pulses. The pulses can be delivered to the heart viaelectrodes disposed on the leads, e.g., typically near distal ends ofthe leads. In that case, the leads may position the electrodes withrespect to various cardiac locations so that the pacemaker can deliverpulses to the appropriate locations. Leads are also used for sensingpurposes, or for both sensing and stimulation purposes. Implantableleads are also used in neurological devices, muscular stimulationtherapy, and devices that sense chemical conditions in a patient'sblood, gastric system stimulators.

Occasionally, patients that have implantable leads may benefit from amagnet resonance image being taken of a particular area of his or herbody. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques achieve a moreeffective image of the soft tissues of the heart and vascular system.MRI procedures can also image these features without delivering a highdosage of radiation to the body of the patient, and as a result, MRIprocedures may be repeated reliably and safely. However, MRI devices mayoperate at frequencies of 10 megahertz or higher, which may cause energyto be transferred to the lead. In particular, the high frequency fieldsinduce a voltage in the lead, causing the higher potential of the leadto damage the tissue that surrounds the tip electrode of the lead.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Aspects and features of the present invention will be appreciated as thesame becomes better understood by reference to the following detaileddescription of the embodiments of the invention when considered inconnection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a conceptual perspective view of a medical device systemincluding a medical device coupled to a lead according to an embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an electrode assembly located at adistal end of a medical lead;

FIG. 3 depicts multiple layers of insulating material over a conductiveelement of the electrode assembly depicted in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4A depicts a cross-sectional view of a conductive ring coupled to aconductive sealer for the electrode assembly depicted in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4B depicts a top view of a conductive ring coupled to a conductivesealer for the electrode assembly depicted in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4C depicts a cross-sectional view of conductive rings and aconductive sealer coupled to a shaft;

FIG. 4D depicts an angled view of a conductive sealer;

FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of a simplified bipolar circuit for amedical device system under pacing and sensing conditions;

FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of a simplified bipolar circuit for amedical device system;

FIG. 5B is a schematic unipolar circuit for a medical device system;

FIG. 6A is a schematic bipolar circuit for a simplified medical devicesystem;

FIG. 6B is a schematic bipolar circuit of another simplified circuit fora medical device system;

FIG. 7A depicts a cross-sectional view of an electrode assembly with amagnetostrictive element;

FIG. 7B depicts a cross-sectional view of an electrode assembly with amagnetostrictive element;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram that depicts the method of producing anelectrode assembly.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is directed to a medical lead, techniques formanufacturing such a lead, and systems that include a medical devicecoupled to a medical lead according to the present invention. Themedical device lead includes a lead body, and electrode shaft and a tipelectrode. A magnetostrictive element, coupled to an electrode shaft,serves as an “on/off” switch to manage high frequency signals RF signals(e.g. 21 megaHertz (Mhz) to 128 MHz) generated from a magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI) machine away from the tip electrode. The switch iscomprised of a magnetostrictive element made of any suitable materialwith sufficient magnetostrictive properties. Exemplary magnetostrictivematerial includes terfenol-D or galfenol. Magnetostriction is a propertythat causes certain ferromagnetic materials to change shape in responseto a magnetic field. In particular, the magnetostrictive element expandsor contracts. When the lead is not exposed to magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), the magnetostrictive material is contracted. In contrast, whenthe lead is exposed to MRI, the magnetostrictive material expands. Inone embodiment, expansion of the magnetostrictive material causes afirst segment to move away from a second segment of the electrode shaft.A gap is created between the first and second segments of the electrodeshaft. Therefore, current, induced in the lead due to exposure to theMRI, no longer has a direct electrical path to the tip electrode.Instead, the electrical current induced by high frequency passes througha high impedance component such as a radiofrequency (RF) trap, whereasthe low frequency current for sensing and/or pacing is able to pass toand/or from the electrode tip. Consequently, a patient with a medicallead may undergo an MRI procedure without significantly affecting theoperation of the medical lead.

In another embodiment, magnetostrictive material is disposed in or nearconductive rings that are coupled to the electrode shaft. When the leadis exposed to MRI, the magnetostrictive material expands to create acontact to an additional electrode surface, which allows the inducedcurrent to dissipate over a larger surface area. In one embodiment, atenfold (i.e. 10×) larger surface area ratio results in about tenfoldlower temperatures at the tip electrode assuming a ring electrode haslow impedance at high frequencies.

FIG. 1 depicts a medical device system 100. A medical device system 100includes a medical device housing 102 having a connector module 104 thatelectrically couples various internal electrical components of medicaldevice housing 102 to a proximal end 105 of a medical lead 106 (alsoreferred to as a MRI/RF shunted lead, or a shunted lead). A medicaldevice system 100 may comprise any of a wide variety of medical devicesthat include one or more medical lead(s) 106 and circuitry coupled tothe medical lead(s) 106. An exemplary medical device system 100 may takethe form of an implantable cardiac pacemaker, an implantablecardioverter, an implantable defibrillator, an implantable cardiacpacemaker-cardioverter-defibrillator (PCD), a neurostimulator, or amuscle stimulator. Medical device system 100 may deliver, for example,pacing, cardioversion or defibrillation pulses to a patient viaelectrodes 108 disposed on distal ends 107 of one or more lead(s) 106.In other words, lead 106 may position one or more electrodes 108 withrespect to various cardiac locations so that medical device system 100can deliver pulses to the appropriate locations.

FIG. 2 depicts an electrode assembly 200 of a medical lead 106.Electrode assembly 200 optionally includes a sleeve head 201 coupled toan electrode 207 (also referred to as a tip electrode), a monolithiccontrolled-release device (MCRD) 213, a conductive electrode shaft 203,a conductive sealer 212, conductive rings 224, a ring electrode 216, anda non-conductive spacer 217. At a distal end 244 of electrode assembly200, a sharpened distal tip (not shown) facilitates fixation of thedistal end of helically shaped electrode 207 into tissue of a patient.The proximal end of electrode 207 is securely seated between MCRD 213,electrode shaft 203, and a securing member 219 that protrudes from aninner diameter of sleeve head 201. MCRD 213 provides chronic steroidelution to maintain a low pacing threshold for a medical device system100.

Sleeve head 201 (optionally, a RF-shunted sleeve head) is electricallyconnected to a conductive electrode shaft 203 (e.g. platinum etc.) viatwo parallel conductive rings 224 (e.g. C-rings etc.) a conductivesealer 212 (also referred to as a sealing washer), and amagnetostrictive element 215 insulated with insulative layer 260.Insulative layer 260 is comprised of, for example, hydrolytically stablepolyimide. At a proximal end 206 of electrode assembly 200, coil 230 iselectrically coupled to conductive electrode shaft 203. In anotherembodiment, electrode shaft 203 is made of nonconductive polymericmaterial.

Sleeve head 201 comprises a conductive element 202 surrounded or atleast partially covered by an insulating material 204 (also referred toas a dielectric material). In one embodiment, conductive element 202 iscylindrically shaped (e.g. ring, etc.) or may possess other suitableshapes. Exemplary dimensions for conductive element 202 include adiameter of about 6.5 French (Fr.) by about 9 millimeters (mm) inlength, an outer diameter of about 82 mils and an inner diameter ofabout 62 mils. Conductive element 202, in one embodiment, includes anincreased diameter at the distal end and a reduced diameter at theproximal end of the conductive element 202. The surface area ofconductive element 202 is about 60 mm² which is much larger than the 5.5mm² surface area of electrode 207. Conductive element 202 comprisesmaterials that are chemically stable, biocompatible, and x-raytransparent. Exemplary material used to form conductive element 202includes titanium, titanium alloy, conductive polymers, and/or othersuitable materials.

Referring to FIG. 3, insulative material 204 may be formed from a singlelayer or multiple layers such as first layer 220, second layer 222, andN layer 223, where N is a whole number that is less than 100, and istypically less than about 30 layers. Each layer may comprise differentinsulating materials, two or more different insulating materials, or thesame insulating materials. Insulative material 204 includes a thicknessfrom about 1 nanometer (nm) to about 1 millimeter (mm)) and extends fromabout 1 mm to about 20 mm along the length of conductive element 202.Insulative material 204 may be formed from any of a wide variety ofinsulating materials. Exemplary insulating material comprise at leastone or more of parylene, polyamide, metal oxides, polyimide, urethane,silicone, tetrafluroethylene (ETFE), polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), orthe like. Parylene is the preferred insulating material 204. Thepreferred parylene is parylene C. Parylene C is formed through a dimervacuum deposition process. The dimer is commercially available fromSpecialty Coating Systems located in Clear Lake, Wis. Numeroustechniques may be employed to introduce insulating material 204 over theoutside of sleeve head 201 and/or partially inside sleeve head 201.Exemplary techniques include chemical vapor deposition, dip coating, orthermal extrusion.

Conductive sealer 212 conducts current and also prevents fluid frompassing through lumen 246. Referring to FIGS. 4A-4D, conductive sealer212 is substantially ring (i.e. o-ring) or disk shaped but othersuitable shapes may also be employed. In one embodiment, conductivesealer 212 is defined by X1, X2 and radius (r1). X1 ranges from about0.1 mm to about 0.50 mm, X2 extends from about 0.1 mm to about 1.0 mm,and r1 extends from about 0.5 mm to about 1.0 mm. Curved end 252 extendsto about 1.25 mm from the center of shaft 203 and includes a curvedefined by a radius of about 0.5 mm.

Conductive sealer 212 comprises a polymer and a conductive polymer suchas a conductive powder (e.g. carbon, carbon nanotube, silver, platinumetc.). The conductive polymer ranges from about 1% to about 25% ofconductive sealer 212. The polymer (e.g. silicone etc.) is commerciallyavailable from Nusil Technology LLC, located in Carpinteria, Calif.Polyurethane is commercially available from The Polymer Technology GroupInc. located in Berkeley, Calif.

Conductive rings 224 are shaped, in one embodiment, as a C-ring toreceive conductive sealer 212. Conductive rings 224 have an outerdiameter of about 1.5 mm, an inner diameter of about 0.7 mm, and athickness that ranges from about 0.25 mm (T1) to about 0.5 mm (T2).Conductive rings 224 are comprised of platinum or other suitablematerials.

In one embodiment, magnetostrictive element 215 is coupled to at leastone conductive ring 224. When lead 106 is exposed to MRI,magnetostrictive element 215 a expands, which creates a larger surfacearea in which to dissipate the current induced in lead 106. In anotherembodiment, depicted in FIGS. 7A-7B, magnetostrictive element 215, isdisposed between first and second segments 240 a,b of electrode shaft203. No gap exists between first and second segments 240 a,b when MRI isnot applied to lead 106. When lead 106 is exposed to MRI, first segment240 a expands and moves away from second segment 240 b, thereby creatinga gap 242. Gap 242 breaks the direct electrical connection between firstand second segments 240 a,b and the tip electrode 207. Instead, thecurrent induced by MRI is shunted to a RF trap. In particular, highimpedance inductor (L) 262, connected to electrode shaft 203, blocks thehigh frequency RF signals. L passes the low frequency pacing signalsfrom one end to another end of the electrode shaft 203. The highfrequency RF signals are shunted to magnetostrictive element 215.

FIG. 5A depicts a simplified bipolar circuit 300 for a medical devicesystem 100 during normal pacing conditions and when exposed to MRI.Pacing conditions typically involve low frequency signals (e.g. 1000Hz). Circuit 300 includes an implantable medical device (IMD) circuit302 (e.g. a pacemaker circuit, neurostimilator circuit etc.) connectedto a bipolar shunted lead circuit 304. IMD circuit 302 comprises twofilter capacitors C1 and C2 connected to housing 102. C1 and C2 filterhigh frequency electromagnetic interference (EMI) so that high frequencysignals from a MRI machine do not affect the sensing operation ofmedical lead 106. Exemplary values for C1 is about 1 to 10 nanoFarad(nF) and C2 is 1-10 nF.

Bipolar shunted lead circuit 304 a includes ring electrode 216,magnetostrictive element 215, and tip electrode 207. Capacitors C3 andC5 correspond to ring electrode 216, and tip electrode 207, respectivelyand inductor L is associated with magnetostrictive element 215.Resistors R1 and R2 represent the impedance created by tissue and/orblood of the patient. R3 and R5, along with capacitors C3 and C5,represent the electrode to tissue interface impedances. Generally,larger area electrodes result in larger values of capacitance andsmaller values of resistance. Exemplary values for bipolar shunted leadcircuit 304 a include L C3 at 10 microF (uF), L is 4 uHenry, R3 is 100Ohm (Ω), C5 is 1 uF, and R1 is 500Ω, and R5 is Ω.

Generally, under typical pacing conditions, pacing current flows fromtip electrode 207 to ring electrode 216 and then returns to IMD circuit302. Under a low frequency or direct current (DC) application, inductorL acts like a short circuit to a constant voltage across its terminals.A portion of the pacing current passes to the patient's tissue (e.g.heart tissue), represented as resistor R1, due to the large capacitanceof C5 associated with tip electrode 207. Similarly, another portion ofthe pacing current passes to the patient's tissue, represented asresistor R3, due to the large capacitance of C3 associated with ringelectrode 216. When lead 106 is exposed to MRI, current is induced, asdepicted by the ghost lines.

FIG. 5B depicts a unipolar circuit 400. Unipolar circuit 400 includesIMD circuit 302 connected to unipolar shunted lead circuit 404. Unipolarlead circuit 404 includes magnetostrictive element 215, tip electrode207, and resistors R1 and R2. Under MRI conditions, V-REF is induced andthe resulting current is shunted to magnetostrictive element 515.

FIGS. 6A-6B depicts a simplified circuit 400 for a medical device system100 during pacing and MRI conditions, respectively. Circuit 400 includesan IMD circuit 402 (e.g. a pacemaker circuit, neurostimulator circuitetc.) and a bipolar shunted lead 304 b. Circuit 400 includes the sameelements as circuit 300 depicted in FIGS. 5A-5B, except magnetostrictiveelement 515 is coupled to a capacitor (C4). Magnetostrictive material515 only acts as a switch to turn on and off C4 in circuit 400. In thisembodiment, high frequency signals (i.e. from the MRI) pass to C4whereas low frequency signals pass to and from tip electrode 207. C4 isshorted when exposed to high frequency signals. C4 acts as an “opencircuit” when exposed to low frequency signals, which causes the pacingpulses to pass directly to tip electrode 207. An exemplary value for C4is 1-10 uF.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram that depicts the method of producing a medicallead. At block 300, a lead body is provided. At block 310, amagnetostrictive element is inserted between a lead body and anelectrode shaft. The magnetostrictive element is comprised of aferromagnetic material (e.g. terfenol-D and galfenol). Terfenol-D is analloy of terbium, dysprosium, and iron metals and has the largest roomtemperature magnetostriction of any material. In mechanical terms, a 2.5inch diameter rod of terfenol-D is capable of generating over 50,000pounds of dynamic force. At block 320, the RF is prevented fromaffecting the sensing operation of the medical lead. In one embodiment,the magnetostrictive element reduces by at least 80 percent the current,induced in the lead by the MRI. In another embodiment, themagnetostrictive element reduces by at least 50 percent the currentinduced by the MRI.

It is understood that the present invention is not limited for use inpacemakers, cardioverters of defibrillators. Other uses of the leadsdescribed herein may include uses in patient monitoring devices, ordevices that integrate monitoring and stimulation features. In thosecases, the leads may include sensors disposed on distal ends of therespective lead for sensing patient conditions.

The leads described herein may be used with a neurological device suchas a deep-brain stimulation device or a spinal cord stimulation device.In those cases, the leads may be stereotactically probed into the brainto position electrodes for deep brain stimulation, or into the spine forspinal stimulation. In other applications, the leads described hereinmay provide muscular stimulation therapy, gastric system stimulation,nerve stimulation, lower colon stimulation, drug or beneficial agentdispensing, recording or monitoring, gene therapy, or the like. Inshort, the leads described herein may find useful applications in a widevariety medical devices that implement leads and circuitry coupled tothe leads.

Various embodiments of the invention have been described. These andother embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. Forexample, electrode 207 may include variously shaped electrodes such asring shaped or other suitable shapes. Additionally, skilled artisansappreciate that other dimensions may be used for the mechanical andelectrical elements described herein.

1. A medical device lead comprising: a lead body; a conductiveelectrode; a conductive electrode shaft disposed inside of the lead bodyand electrically coupled to the electrode; and a magnetostrictiveelement coupled to the electrode shaft to divert at least a portion ofan electric current induced on the lead by a magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) device away from the electrode.
 2. The medical device lead ofclaim 1, wherein the magnetostrictive element comprises at least one ofterfenol-D and galfenol.
 3. The medical device lead of claim 1, whereinthe electrode shaft includes a first segment and a second segment, andthe magnetostrictive element is coupled to the first segment and thesecond segment of the electrode shaft such that the magnetostrictiveelement causes at least one of the first segment and the second segmentof the electrode shaft to move in response to a magnetic field to createa gap between the first segment and the second segment of the electrodeshaft.
 4. The medical device lead of claim 3, wherein the second segmentmoves in the distal direction away from the first segment of theelectrode shaft.
 5. The medical device lead of claim 3, wherein current,induced in the lead by the MRI, passes to the magnetostrictive element.6. The medical device lead of claim 3, wherein current, induced in thelead by the MRI, passes to a radiofrequency (RF) trap.
 7. The medicallead of claim 3, wherein the current, induced in the lead by the MRI, issignificantly reduced by use of a high frequency impedance component. 8.The medical lead of claim 7, wherein the current, induced in the lead bythe MRI being significantly reduced by at least 80 percent.
 9. Themedical device lead of claim 1, wherein the magnetostrictive elementserves as a switch.
 10. The medical device lead of claim 3, furthercomprising an inductor connected in parallel with the electrode shaft,wherein current induced in the lead by the MRI device is substantiallyblocked by the inductor.
 11. The medical device lead of claim 1, furthercomprising a coiled conductor within the lead body that is electricallycoupled to the electrode shaft, wherein a proximal end of the lead bodyis configured to electrically couple the coiled conductor to electricalcomponents of an implantable medical device.
 12. The medical device leadof claim 3, wherein the magnetostrictive element expands in response tothe magnetic field being present to create the gap between the firstsegment and the second segment of the electrode shaft and themagnetostrictive element contracts in response to the magnetic field nolonger being present to eliminate the gap between the first segment andthe second segment of the electrode shaft.
 13. A medical device systemcomprising: an implantable medical device that includes: a housing, andelectrical components within the housing that generate electricalstimulation therapy; and a electrical stimulation lead that includes: alead body, a conductive electrode located at a distal end of the leadybody, a conductive electrode shaft within the leady body andelectrically coupled to the electrode, a coiled conductor within thelead body and electrically coupled to the electrode shaft, wherein aproximal end of the lead body is configured to electrically couple thecoiled conductor to the electrical components of the implantable medicaldevice, a magnetostrictive element coupled to the electrode shaft todivert at least a portion of an electric current induced on the coiledconductor by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device away from theelectrode.
 14. The medical device system of claim 13, wherein theelectrode shaft of the electrical stimulation lead includes a firstsegment and a second segment, and the magnetostrictive element of theelectrical stimulation lead is coupled to the first segment and thesecond segment of the electrode shaft such that the magnetostrictiveelement causes at least one of the first segment and the second segmentof the electrode shaft to move in response to a magnetic field to createa gap between the first segment and the second segment of the electrodeshaft.
 15. The medical device system of claim 14, further comprising aninductor connected in parallel with the electrode shaft, wherein currentinduced in the lead by the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device issubstantially blocked by the inductor in the presence of the magneticfield.